Capnography is a method for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the exhaled breath, which is also graphically represented as a capnogram. Capnography is used to monitor the patient’s respiration.

Electrocardiography (EKG) is a medical procedure in which the electrical signals generated during the contraction of the heart are measured. These signals are captured and recorded by special electrodes placed on the skin.

Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive and easy-to-use method to determine the arterial oxygen saturation of the blood (hemoglobin). A pulse oximeter is used for this purpose, which is a clip sensor that can be attached to the tongue or ear, for example. In addition to oxygen saturation, the pulse rate is also displayed.

Blood pressure measurement in animals is similar to that in humans and involves measuring the systolic and diastolic pressures, which reflect the pressure of blood on the artery walls during the contraction and relaxation of the heart. The measurement can be performed either indirectly or directly.

In the indirect method, a cuff is placed around the limb of the animal and inflated until no blood flows through the artery. Then, the cuff is slowly deflated while simultaneously feeling the animal’s pulse. The point at which the pulse becomes palpable again indicates the systolic pressure. The diastolic pressure is determined by continuing to deflate the cuff until no pulse is palpable.

In the direct method, a catheter is inserted into an artery of the animal to measure blood pressure directly. This method is more accurate than the indirect method but requires specialized training and equipment.

Blood pressure measurement in animals is an important diagnostic method in the examination of cardiovascular diseases or in monitoring patients during surgery or in intensive care.

Monitoring body temperature during surgery is important because the animal’s body temperature can decrease during the procedure, especially when the animal is under anesthesia. A decrease in body temperature can lead to slowed recovery and prolonged anesthesia duration.

During surgery, the animal’s body temperature is continuously monitored to detect deviations early and respond accordingly. Special monitoring devices such as thermometers or temperature probes are used for this purpose.

Monitoring body temperature during surgery is an important part of animal anesthesia and contributes to the safety and successful outcome of the procedure.

Anesthetic gas monitoring in animals is a method to monitor the anesthesia state of an animal during surgery and ensure it is adequately supplied with anesthetic gas. This is crucial for maintaining the animal’s stability during the operation and avoiding potential complications.

Anesthetic gas monitoring includes monitoring the animal’s respiration and cardiovascular system, as well as measuring the concentration of anesthetic gases in the exhaled breath. Special monitoring devices such as capnographs, pulse oximeters, and gas analyzers are used for this purpose.

A capnograph measures the carbon dioxide concentration in the animal’s exhaled breath and displays the respiratory rate and depth. This allows for monitoring of respiration and early detection of anomalies.

A pulse oximeter measures the oxygen saturation in the blood and the pulse rate of the animal. Deviations can be detected early with this device as well.

A gas analyzer measures the concentration of anesthetic gases in the inhaled air and the amount of gases exhaled. This helps in controlling the amount of anesthetic gases administered.

Anesthetic gas monitoring is an important component of animal anesthesia and contributes to the safety and successful outcome of the procedure.